DO INDIANS HAVE STRONG IMMUNITY TO FIGHT AGAINST MPOX STRAIN? KARNATAKA READY WITH 50-BED ISOLATION WARD

The rising mpox cases worldwide have raised concerns in India, even though the country has not reported any cases so far. Last week, the WHO declared mpox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) due to its widespread prevalence in parts of Africa. In response, India is preparing for a potential outbreak, with the Karnataka government announcing the creation of an isolation ward for any suspected or confirmed mpox cases. This ward will include 50 general beds and five ICU beds as a preventive measure to contain the possible spread of the disease.

But do Indians have strong immunity to fight against mpox? Let’s check!

Dr Muzamil Sultan Koka, Senior Registrar- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Marengo Asia Hospitals Gurugram shares that although monkeypox was formerly thought to be an uncommon illness, recent outbreaks have brought attention to the necessity of increased knowledge and readiness. As a zoonotic illness, mpox is spread from animals to people. The variola virus that causes smallpox is related to the mpox virus, which is the source of the disease. Both viruses are members of the Orthopoxvirus genus.

“The novel strain, known as Clade 1b, became noticeable because its genetic composition differs significantly from that of existing strains. Even though the behaviour of this new clade is still unknown, it is important to consider how the Indian population would respond to this possible threat,” he said.

Factors That Influence Immunity In Indians

Environmental and Genetic Factors

Immunity in India's diverse population may be influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The wide genetic variation across the population can affect how individuals' immune systems respond to infections, including monkeypox. However, more research is needed to identify specific genetic markers that may provide protection or increase vulnerability to monkeypox in Indians.

Environmental factors also play a role. India’s tropical climate and high urban population density can contribute to the spread of infectious diseases. Therefore, robust and adaptable public health policies are crucial in addressing emerging threats like Clade 1b.

Vaccination-Based Historical Immunity to Smallpox

A significant factor influencing immunity against monkeypox is the historical smallpox vaccination program. The smallpox vaccine, widely administered in India until the 1980s, has been shown to offer cross-protection against monkeypox due to the similarity between the live, attenuated virus used in the smallpox vaccine and the monkeypox virus.

However, it’s important to note that immunity from the smallpox vaccine may wane over time. While those vaccinated before 1980 might still retain some immunity, people born after the smallpox immunization program ended may lack this protection. This immunity gap could make younger generations more susceptible to monkeypox, including the new Clade 1b strain.

Possible Limitations

Lack of Public Awareness

Despite monkeypox gaining international attention, awareness of the disease and its transmission remains low in India. This lack of knowledge could lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment, increasing the risk of complications and spread. Public health education is vital to ensure that people recognize monkeypox symptoms and seek medical help promptly.

Comorbidities and Co-Infections

Like other countries, India faces challenges with comorbidities and co-infections, which can weaken immune function. Chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory disorders are prevalent and may increase susceptibility to severe outcomes in the event of a mpox infection.

HIV is another significant concern, as it weakens the immune system and makes people more prone to opportunistic infections like mpox. Those with compromised immunity due to such conditions may be at greater risk of severe illness if exposed to Clade 1b.

Prevention Tips

Public Health Surveillance

India's public health system has experience managing outbreaks, but continuous monitoring and tracking are essential. With the emergence of Clade 1b, early case detection and contact tracing are crucial in controlling the monkeypox outbreak. Enhancing laboratory capabilities for accurate diagnosis is also a key component.

Immunisation Strategies

Given the potential decline in smallpox vaccine immunity, targeted vaccination strategies may be advisable. This could include vaccinating healthcare workers, individuals at high risk of exposure, and those living in areas where monkeypox cases have been reported. Research should also focus on the effectiveness of the smallpox vaccine against Clade 1b.

Public Awareness Campaigns

Raising public awareness about the symptoms, transmission routes, and preventive measures for mpox is essential. Simple actions like regular handwashing and avoiding contact with potentially infected animals can reduce the risk of infection. Public health campaigns should emphasize the importance of seeking medical attention if symptoms such as fever, rash, or swollen lymph nodes occur.

Monkeypox poses a significant public health threat, and preparedness—including surveillance, vaccination strategies, and public awareness efforts—will be critical in protecting public health. Vigilance and proactive measures are needed to navigate this outbreak.

2024-08-24T12:53:30Z dg43tfdfdgfd